Sign Industry Terms

A routing procedure where the tool bit can be moved independently along the up-and-down z-axis while still traveling an x/y-axis tool path. 3D engraving can create a hand-chiseled look while removing material from a substrate.

The ability of a given surface to resist scratching or scuffing due to contact or friction with another material. It is one measure of durability.

A hinged or removable panel that when opened provides access to the interior of a sign allowing for the inspection and servicing of its internal components. (Also called access door.)

Literally means without color. Black, white and grays are achromatic.

Generic term for a type of durable plastic commonly used in sign making. Noted for its excellent clarity, acrylic can also be manufactured in a wide range of transparent and opaque colors. Its ability to be easily machined, shaped and painted explains acrylic’s popularity. Plexiglas® and Acrylite® are well-known commercial brands of the material.

Legislation enacted by the U.S. federal government in 1991 with the goal of removing barriers that limit a disabled individual’s ability to engage in normal daily activity in the physical, public environment. Title III of the ADA deals with related signage and wayfinding issues.

Red, green and blue are the three additive colors of light. All other colors of light are created by combinations of these three. If the three additive colors come together in equal proportions, the resulting light is white. (Also called additive primaries. See also primary colors.)

The force that holds the surface of one material to another. The strength of adhesion is affected by the type and condition of the surfaces in question and the adhesive used. Generally the surfaces need to be clean and porous enough to allow for a certain amount of penetration by the adhesive.

Used in places where expansion anchors are at risk of being pulled out, adhesive anchors are bonded to the substrate by being set into an oversized drilled hole containing a strong epoxy adhesive. (See also anchor.)

A sign indicating the approach of a specific destination such as a highway, street intersection or building entrance. Different to a directional sign in that it announces a single destination. (Also called an approach sign.)

The initial time a new neon light must be on before it is able to achieve full brightness thereafter. The amount of time this takes can vary widely. (Also called burn-in. See also initial lumens.)

A lightweight metal material used in sign panels, poles and frames. It is strong and durable in relation to its weight, and resistant to rust and corrosion.

A private, nonprofit organization in the U.S. that works to develop manufacturing and quality standards across multiple industries. The organization also works with the committees of other nations to develop standards that facilitate international trade and telecommunications.

When a previously conforming sign is subsequently deemed to be non-conforming, the owner of the sign is notified and given a grace period during which they may continue to keep and use the sign. At the end of the grace period, the sign must be removed. This process is known as amortization. The legality and enforceability of amortization depends state and local law, and other possible conditions.

A sign that uses the sequential switching on and off of graphically arranged fluorescent lamps, cathode tubes, LEDs or incandescents so as to provide the illusion of movement. (See also chase [2].)

The average number of vehicles passing a given location each day over the course of a year. This statistic can usually be obtained from your state or local roads department.

A thin aluminum oxide coating applied electrochemically to the surface of a metal object. The coating hardens, protects and enhances the appearance of the object. An anodized finish can be created in a variety of colors.

A graphic element made separately then affixed to a cloth or fabric covering such as an awning.

A sign indicating the approach of a specific destination such as a highway, street intersection or building entrance. Different to a directional sign in that it announces a single destination. (Also called an advance notice sign.)

An inert gas used in fluorescent lamps and neon tubes. By itself, argon generates pale lavender light. Combined with mercury, it can generate a blue or ultra-violet light.

On any given font it is the portions of the lowercase letters “b,” “d,” “f,” “h,” “k” and “l” that extend above the height of the lowercase “x.” (See also descender and cap height.)

Most commonly a small diameter, cotton braid cord manufactured for stretch resistance and used for tying down awning covers.

A sign having two faces mounted in opposite directions. Pole signs typically have back-to-back faces. (Also called a double-faced sign.)

An illuminated reverse channel letter where the light from the letter is directed against and reflected off the surface behind the letter thereby producing a glowing effect around the letter. (Also referred to as halo lighting.)

A sign where the sign face is illuminated from behind. (Also called illuminated sign. See also internally illuminated sign and exterior illuminated sign.)

Small plastic or metal beads that can be placed in the face of a sign to create informational Braille text as required by the ADA. (Also known as Braille bullets or Braille beads.)

A sign made of non-rigid material such as canvas or vinyl, and typically having no enclosing or supporting framework. Often intended for temporary use, a banner sign can be screen printed or painted, and is commonly hung from a pole or mounted to the façade of a building. (See also flag and pennant.)

A sign mounted onto, or incorporated into a seat in a public area such as a bus stop bench. (See also street furniture.)

Documents from a prospective customer that state for the contractor the requirements and conditions of the project under bid. These documents communicate such details as design intent, desired materials, installation criteria and other project specifics. They also include standardized bidding forms and bidding instructions. (Also called front end documents.)

A specially formulated paint or coating for use on electric signs to block light emission where needed, for example between letters in a neon sign. It adheres well to glass, and resists weather, heat and electrical discharge. (Also called blockout.)

An uninstalled sign panel with no lettering or graphics applied. (Also called an insert.)

Fasteners used to mount signs to walls and others surfaces while remaining hidden from view. (Also called concealed fasteners.)

An area of solid color having no gradation.

The process of heating to a high temperature the glass of a neon tube for the purpose of releasing trapped gases and other impurities within it.

A line or band of color or material that defines the outer edges of a sign and/or elements within the sign.

A system of small raised dots that represent the alphabet, punctuation and numbers for the visually impaired. The ADA stipulates the use of Braille on signage in certain instances.

Small plastic or metal beads that can be placed in the face of a sign to create informational Braille text as required by the ADA. (Also known as ballpoint Braille or Braille beads.)

The process of creating a unique, positive and recognizable identity for a product or service. Along with marketing and advertising, creating a visual identity through signage is an important part of the branding process. (See also brand equity.)

The maximum load a material can withstand before it breaks. (Also called tensile strength.)

A very strong and durable metal alloy made of copper and tin with traces of other metals such as zinc and nickel. It can be cast for the making of plaques, or fabricated from thin sheets into dimensional letters. Bronze can be finished in a variety of ways including being brushed, polished or lacquered.

Polishing a metal surface by rubbing it with a slightly abrasive compound. (See also burnish.)

Any sign that is applied or attached to a building in some manner.

A type of quick drying, fade resistant enamel paint commonly used by sign painters for hand lettering.

To polish by friction, i.e. to rub with pressure. No abrasive compound or material is used when burnishing. (See also buff.)

The cost of convincing a new customer to buy your product or service. This includes the cost of market research, marketing and advertising.

A unit of luminosity used to express the intensity of a light source as measured in a specific direction. The higher the number of candela measured, the greater the intensity of the light.

A tightly woven heavy and durable fabric made of cotton, linen or synthetic material.

Lettering that is chiseled, routed, engraved or sandblasted into the substrate of a sign face either by hand or by computer-controlled machinery.

General term for the use of design software and computer controlled manufacturing equipment in the sign-making process.

The process by which a material such as metal or plastic is poured into a mold while in a liquid state and then allowed to solidify, thereby taking the shape of the mold and creating a copy of the original object from which the mold was made. (See also die-casting.)

A panel of a sign that allows for changeable copy. (See also changeable copy sign.)

Term for a length of plastic or metal that has been extruded into the shape of a U.

A design process wherein all stakeholders in a project come together and collaborate at the beginning in order to develop a comprehensive design and plan. The goal is to minimize the potential for later problems, and to ensure that the end result meets everyone’s expectations.

1. A tool made of hardened steel and used to shape wood or stone. It has a handle at one end and a cutting edge at the other, and is worked by hitting the top of the handle with a mallet. 2. The process of using a chisel tool to shape or carve into a piece of wood or stone.

An electromechanical device that will automatically interrupt an electrical circuit if it senses an excess flow of electrical current that would otherwise damage the circuit. A circuit breaker can be reset once the electrical problem has been corrected.

The measured distance between the lowest portion of a sign and the highest point of the grade underneath. (Also called height above grade.)

Painting the substrate of a sign with a coat of primer prior to applying the lettering and graphics.

A type of glass tubing used in neon signs that is coated on the inside surface with a phosphorus compound. The color a coated tube will produce depends on the specific compound used.

The subjective degree of difference in hue, intensity and saturation of two colors when seen next to each other.

A term for colored glass tubing used in neon signs to achieve a greater level of color saturated light not possible with typical clear glass neon tubes.

Fasteners used to mount signs to walls and others surfaces while remaining hidden from view. (Also called blind fasteners.)

Any version of a font where the width of the letters, numbers and symbols is reduced in comparison to the standard form of the same font.

A sign that has been legally installed in accordance with all applicable federal, state and local regulations.

A temporary sign, typically large and freestanding, displayed at a construction site to promote and provide information about the company or companies involved in the project. These can include the contractor, architect, developer, etc. (Also called a job site sign.)

1. The difference or degree of difference between things having similar or comparable natures, such as light and dark areas, colors or typefaces. 2. In design, the use of dissimilar or opposing elements, such as light and dark areas, warm and cool colors or script and block typefaces.

As a whole, the written message on a sign. (See also artwork.)

General term for all rope, cord, line and string.

A sign board created by gluing a corrugated piece of material to a flat piece of material, or between two flat pieces. The most common type of corrugated material used in sign making is plastic.

The enclosed or partially enclosed space formed by letters and symbols such as ‘a,’ ‘b,’ ‘S,’ ‘H,’ ‘&’ and ‘@.’

1. The square surface area that a given amount of paint, glue or other applied substance will cover. 2. The percentage of people in a market that are reached by an advertisement in a given medium, e.g. print, radio, TV and signage.

The appearance of fine cracks in the surface of paint, lacquer, plastic or vinyl. Typically the result of prolonged exposure to sunlight (ultraviolet light) and weather.

A diagram of an object that shows it as if it were cut open to expose the internal structure.

The process of drying or hardening ink, glue or other substances through the application of heat or ultraviolet light.

The cost of convincing a new customer to buy your product or service. This includes the cost of market research, marketing and advertising.

The total weight of the materials used in a sign and its supporting structure. The dead load, including its distribution within the sign structure, must be taken into account when calculating load bearing requirements.

The average number of persons per day who see a given sign or group of signs. A “day” equates to a 12-hour period for non-illuminated signs, and an 18-hour period for illuminated signs.

A structure that houses the electric components of a sign, but also serves as the background and support structure of the sign. Similar to a raceway except larger.

A unit of measure for the weight of fiber. Specifically, it is the weight in grams of 9000 meters of a given fiber.

In sign making, this refers to the amount of ink applied to the substrate.

The clear and complete specifications for the appearance, structure and implementation of a sign. A design may include technical drawings, illustrations and written descriptions of the sign.

A document that specifies the destinations to be addressed in a wayfinding campaign and how they should be worded/spelled.

The process of cutting material such as paper or vinyl using a steel blade (called a die) manufactured to cut a specific shape. The die-cutting process is typically used when a large number of items must be cut to the same shape or size.

Any letter, logo or symbol that has a raised profile in relation to the sign substrate.

A sign providing information, either written or visual, that helps direct a person to a destination.

The set of standardized symbols developed by the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) for use in traffic signs.

Two neon tubes running parallel to each other.

The visual effect of creating a false shadow behind a letter or object by placing a darker colored but identically shaped copy of it behind it but slightly offset up or down and to one side.

An illuminated sign where the light source is positioned on the outside of the sign face along one or more of its edges such that the light shines back onto it.

A type of message center sign where an electrically driven mechanical device rotates or flips between two or more panels with different messages.

Generic term for any type of electronic programmable display. (See also LCD sign.)

A thin electrostatically charged material such as PVC used for lettering and graphics on glass and other smooth surfaces. The static charge enables the material to firmly adhere to the smooth surface, yet still be peeled off relatively easily.

In signage, it refers to any element of a sign face that provides a decorative effect.

Sign lettering produced by embossing.

A colored, powdered glass-based compound that is fused to the surface of metal or glass for decoration and protection. An enamel finish is typically opaque.

To incise (cut) a design into the surface of hard material such as metal using a handheld or machine-controlled tool called a burin.

The design, coordination and execution of any and all wayfinding, identification and informational elements, including signage, within a built or natural environment. The influence of environmental graphic design touches upon a number of other disciplines, including architectural design, interior design and landscape design. (See also architectural signage.)

A common graphics file format.

The removal of selected portions of a layer of material from a substrate using a chemical or electrolytic process. Typically, a stencil is used to mark the areas to be etched and protect the other areas. (See also acid etching and sandblasting.)

An illustration or technical drawing showing the detail of a sign’s construction. The various components of the sign are shown displaced from their actual positions in order to indicate their relationship and proper sequence in the assembly process.

An additive that increases the volume of ink without lowering its viscosity or one that improves the workability of an ink.

The process of forcing metal or plastic through a form in order to create a desired shape.

To manufacture a sign or major sign components.

The exterior walls of a building, especially the front or the most prominent side of the building.

A sign mounted to a wall or other vertical surface. A flat sign that is mounted on a wall and the face of which runs parallel to the wall. A fascia sign does not typically project from the wall.

Thin strands of specially manufactured plastic or glass used to transport and direct light from a source to a given destination.

A sign that utilizes fiber optics to create or illuminate the sign’s message.

A measure of the amount of inert gas pumped into a neon lamp.

A chemical compound applied to a material that reduces the material’s flammability and retards the ability of fire to spread across its surface. Fire retardant does not make the material fireproof.

That element or layer that comprises the outer most surface of a sign.

The relative ability of a material or substance to support combustion.

An illuminated sign having an intermittent or flashing light source as a means of drawing attention to its message.

Generic term for an LCD display.

Generic term for reinforced, translucent fabric made of PVC or polyester typically used for awnings, canopies and other types of signage.

The area or specific element of a sign that attracts the viewer’s attention first.

The base of a sign’s supporting structure. The footing is typically secured to a foundation or other anchor such as a building’s roof.

A concrete substructure that anchors a sign and its supporting structure to the ground. (See also footing.)

A type of sign foundation that allows a sign pole or other attached support structure to break away cleanly if struck by a motor vehicle, thereby reducing the force of impact to the occupants inside the vehicle. Required by law in many areas. (Also called a breakaway foundation.)

The number of times a typical viewer has the opportunity to see a sign and its message over a given period, typically four weeks.

An illuminated channel letter having a translucent face.

A sign marking the entrance to a town, neighborhood, development, park or other public area. (See also precinct sign.)

The artful process of applying a thin layer of gold or gold-like material to a surface by mechanical or chemical means for the purpose of ornamentation. (See also gold leaf.)

The process of installing glass panes.

A device used to measure the amount of light reflected off a given surface. (See also gloss.)

A conduit that also acts as a support member for a light fixture.

The elevation or contour of the ground at a particular location. (See also height above grade.)

A small metal or plastic ring that is inserted into a hole made in another piece of material. It prevents fraying of the material around the hole and provides a durable, easily threaded opening for rope or twine. (Also called an eyelet.)

A freestanding sign that is not secured to a foundation or other secondary support structure.

A metal letter having a curved face of highly-polished stainless steel.

A rope or cable used to secure and stabilize mounted signs, or awning and canopy signs. It is attached to the sign on one end and the ground or a building at the other end. (Also called guy rope.)

The thinnest possible joint between two edges.

The process by which a continuous tone image such as a photograph is reproduced and simulated using a pattern of printed or silkscreened dots of varying size and equal spacing. At a normal viewing distance the reproduced image appears continuous in tone.

A type of sign lighting where a light source located within or behind a sign is allowed to reflect off the mounting surface. The result is that the sign appears to be surrounded by a halo of light.

The process of heating a piece of material such as PVC, acrylic or glass tubing in order to make it malleable enough to bend and shape.

The measured distance between the highest point of a sign to the highest point of the grade underneath the sign.

A freestanding sign tall enough to be seen from a distance especially by motorists.

A given color’s tendency towards any of the four base wavelengths of visible light red, yellow, blue and green. For example, if yellow appears more dominant in an orange-colored ink, then that color orange would be said to have a yellowish hue. Hue is one of the three attributes of color along with brightness and saturation.

The amount of light falling on a surface expressed in lumens.

A sign where the sign face is illuminated in some manner. (Also called backlit sign. See also internally illuminated sign and exterior illuminated sign.)

A sign intended for informational purposes as opposed to commercial or advertising purposes. Typically smaller in size, examples of incidental signs include parking signs, restroom signs and entrance and exit signs.

A gas that does not react chemically with other substances coming in contact with it. Also referred to as noble or rare gases, inert gases include neon, argon, helium, krypton and xenon.

The lumen output of a new lamp as measured after it has been powered on for a standard length of time. For incandescent lamps, the standard time is 1 hour. For discharge lamps (neon and fluorescent lamps) the standard time is 100 minutes. (See also age in and burn-in.)

Refers to any material that will absorb ink and bond with it.

An uninstalled sign panel with no lettering or graphics applied. (Also called a blank.)

Any sign located within a building or structure.

A universal symbol used in signage to indicate wheelchair or handicap access. The symbol consists of a blue square overlaid with a stylized image of a person in a wheelchair. (Also called symbol of accessibility.)

A standardized system of rating an enclosure’s ability to protect from dust, water and impact the electrical components housed inside of it.

A ‘J’ shaped bolt that is threaded on the long straight portion of the ‘J.’

A common file format for color digital images. The JPEG standard utilizes a ‘lossy’ data compression method, meaning that in order to reduce the overall size of the file, a small amount of sharpness from the original image is sacrificed.

1. A unit of measure expressed in degrees used to denote the color temperature a light source. 2. A unit of thermal temperature expressed in degrees.

The act of moving printed or mounted letters further apart or closer together in order to achieve a desired effect. (See also letter spacing, tracking and justified.)

A small freestanding structure traditionally used for the posting of temporary signs and notices. May also be equipped with an interactive computer screen and provide services such as event ticket sales.

A common method of attaching a fabric covering to the frame of an awning. It is tied to the frame using thin rope that is threaded (laced) through grommets at the edge of the fabric.

A unit of measure of luminance (brightness). One lambert is the luminance of a surface that emits or reflects one lumen per square centimeter. 1 lambert = 0.318 foot-candles per square centimeter.

Two sheets of glass bonded to an inner layer of transparent plastic. For signage, lettering and graphics can be applied to the plastic layer prior to bonding. Laminated glass also provides a measure of safety as the bonded plastic layer helps prevent the glass from shattering if broken. In addition, laminated glass has greater sound reduction qualities when compared to glass alone. (See also lamination.)

The array of lamps (lights) in a message center that are used to create the messages seen by the public.

An image or sign panel where the length is appreciably greater than the height is said to be in landscape format. (See also portrait format.)

Any force acting upon an object in a horizontal direction. Sources of lateral force include wind, water, soil, earthquakes, etc. (See also load.)

A type of flat panel display that recreates an image or message through the manipulation of electrically sensitive crystals suspended in a liquid medium. Commonly used in electronic message centers.

A typographic term for the space between letters and words.

The trade name for General Electric’s polycarbonate products.

A sign that is self enclosed in a typically square or rectangular structure and houses an internal light system for illumination of the sign face. (See also box sign.)

An indication of the relative amount of light reflected by a given color. For example, yellow has a higher LRV than blue.

A typographic term for the space between lines or blocks of text.

An electrical circuit which is electrically charged. All electricity to a circuit should be turned off prior to service or repair.

Any measurable force exerted on a structure or object. Things that can add load to a sign and its supporting structure include water, snow and wind. (See also dead load.)

A freestanding sign built close to the ground or on top of a base sitting directly on the ground. Often incorporates the support structure into the overall design. (See also monument sign.)

An indication of the relative amount of light reflected by a given color. For example, yellow has a higher LRV than blue.

The intensity of a light emitted by a source as measured in a given direction. Luminance is a measure of the amount of light only. It is expressed as footlamberts or candelas per square foot or meter respectively.

The quality of emitting light by absorbing radiant energy from another source and converting it into a visible wavelength. (See also fluorescent lamp.)

The total visible light energy emitted by a source in all directions, where the luminous flux is the radiant flux multiplied by the human eye’s sensitivity. The unit of measurement for luminous flux is the lumen.

A general term for on-premise signs located within a multi-tenant building or mall.

The space between the any lettering or graphics and the border of the sign face.

Trade name of Masonite International Corporation’s engineered wood products. Masonite is created from wooden chips that have been treated and pressed into strong durable boards suitable for use as a substrate for signs.

Having a dull or non-shiny surface or finish.

An exterior grade plywood sheet that has been given a resin-impregnated overlay on one or both sides to improve its paintability.

A changeable point-of-purchase sign that provides a list of products and prices. It is a type of sign commonly seen in sandwich shops and other fast service restaurants where it is used to display the menu. (See also variable message sign.)

1. Any fabric or woven material having a loose or open weave. 2. In screen printing, the material through which ink or paint is applied to a surface.

Any sign designed such that the copy (message) can be changed as needed through mechanical or electronic means. (See also variable message sign.)

Refers to fabric that has been chemically treated so as to inhibit the growth of mold and fungus.

A large sign mounted on a trailer or back of a truck. The sign may or may not be illuminated. (Also called a mobile billboard.)

A scaled version of a structure. Typically, sign models are substantially smaller than the actual sign it represents, and are used during the design process to test and review different design concepts.

A decorative strip of metal or wood that frames the outer edge of a sign. Molding can be simple or ornate in style.

A freestanding sign that stands directly on the ground or ground level foundation. A monument sign is often used to mark a place of significance or the entrance to a location. (See also low profile sign.)

A standard document provided by the manufacturer of a hazardous substance. The document describes the potential hazards, physical properties and procedures for safe use of the substance.

A wall surface that has been decorated with a direct application of paint, tile or printed graphics.

A small wall-mounted or freestanding sign made of plastic or metal that states the name, occupation and/or title of the occupant of an office, desk or building.

A set of codes and standards set forth by the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) for the safe use of electrical wiring and equipment.

An inert gas that remains colorless in its natural state. When a sufficient electrical charge is applied to neon gas, it produces a distinct orange-red glow.

A sign that incorporates one or more neon lamps. The sign message is created by bending and forming the neon tubes into lettering and/or iconic graphical shapes.

A type of synthetic rubber with good chemical, oil, flame and abrasion resistance. It remains flexible in cold conditions and is commonly used for gaskets, cushioning and weatherproofing.

Describes channel letters that have been cut out in the back in order to fit over a raceway, conduit or other object protruding from the mounting wall or substrate.

A U.S. federal government agency that monitors and enforces workplace safety laws.

Refers to the occurrence of slight buckling or waviness in a metal surface due to insufficient thickness of the material or inadequate support behind it.

Describes any material or substance through which light does not pass, i.e. it is neither transparent nor translucent.

A U.S. federal government agency that monitors and enforces workplace safety laws.

1. The general term for pigmented coatings that are applied to an object or surface while in a liquid state and then allowed to dry into a colored protective finish. 2. The process of applying a liquid coating to an object or surface.

A dimensional letter that is constructed with an integrated face, back and sidewalls so as to make the letter appear as a single, solid unit.

Any visible surface of a sign on which copy and/or art is present. One or more panels make up the sign face.

A low wall built along the edge of a building’s roof.

The thin layer of color, corrosion or texture that develops on a metal surface as a result of natural (exposure to the elements over time) or artificial (chemical treatment) oxidization. The color of patina on bronze is typically brown while patina on copper is typically green or green-gray.

Graphics and markings applied to roadways and parking areas to guide and manage traffic and to supplement other traffic signs.

A triangular flag. (See also banner.)

Any sign that is affixed to a building or structure in such a manner as to give it the support necessary to resist environmental loads over time and to preclude easy removal.

A chemical substance that becomes excited and emits visible light when struck by electrons from another source such as an ultraviolet light. Phosphors continue to emit light for a time even after the energizing source is removed. Phosphorous coatings are used on the inside of fluorescent lamps.

A type of plastic having a photosensitive coating which can be masked and photo-etched to create a tactile sign message. It is commonly used for ADA signage that requires Braille lettering.

A natural or synthetic insoluble compound used to infuse color into other materials such as paints and inks. (See also dye and stain.)

Authorization required from the Local Planning Authority to install an illuminated sign or billboard. (See also permit.)

1. A type of flat-screen digital image display screen which is uniformly flat and less than five inches deep. 2. A very large, thin, flat-panel digital image display screen that uses gas plasma technology.

1. Channel letters covered by a translucent plastic face, diffusing the neon lighting within. 2. Channel letter covered by a plastic face, hiding the neon tube from view. (See also regency and embassy letters.)

A drawing or sketch showing the layout looking down on the site on which a sign is to be erected. A plot plan will commonly show such things as the sign’s relationship to buildings, parking, pedestrian ways, etc. It is sometimes required to obtain a permit.

A standardized color scheme used in the printing industry to ensure the consistency of color from design to final print.

A freestanding sign, usually double-faced, mounted on a round pole, square tube, or other fabricated member without any type of secondary support.

A synthetic fiber used for its strength and resistance to ultraviolet deterioration. It does not have the stretch and elasticity of nylon and, as a result, will often last longer.

A very stable plastic material, widely used in sign manufacturing. Examples of trade names for acrylic plastics include Perspex, Plexiglas and Altuglas.

A type of hard thermoset plastic foam used in sign production. It has the density and characteristics of wood, but only one-third of the weight. It can be used for carving and sandblasting signs, much like wood.

In-store advertising designed to stimulate impulse purchases by shoppers inside a store. The term applies to a store’s internal sign system, as well as special displays and dispensers created by and for specific product manufacturers.

An on-premise sign which is capable of being repositioned without the need for specialist help. These could include freestanding signs or notices as well as point-of-purchase signs.

The copy and art on a sign face. The opposite of negative space.

A sign that is attached to one or more sign poles.

A graphics software that is also used for proportional scaling of images. It is what makes most scalable type and artwork possible for Windows- and Macintosh-based graphics software.

Refers to concrete footings for signs. Wet concrete is delivered or mixed on site and poured into a form, creating desired shape. Normal curing and finishing techniques are applied as necessary. Alternative to pre-cast concrete, which is formed, poured, cured and finished offsite, then brought to site and installed.

The number of pixels in a raster image that will occur in one line in the span of one inch. The higher the PPI, the greater the resolution and the less distinguishable each pixel becomes.

A sign marking the entrance to a town, neighborhood, development, park or other public area. (See also Gateway Sign.)

Electrical wiring that directly connects a transformer to the breaker box.

A halftone printing process that uses the four essential ink colors of cyan, magenta, yellow and black (CMYK) to create a full range of colors on a printed surface. (Also called four-color process.)

1. A sign that is attached to a building but extends beyond the building structure. Regulators often set a predetermined distance that a sign must extend beyond a building for it to be considered a projecting sign. (See also blade sign.) 2. A sign which projects at right angles to a wall and is designed to be viewed from up or down the street. Projecting signs usually have graphics on either side.

Usually a full-sized sample that uses final materials, methods of construction, fasteners and finishes to test assembly, design, construction and appearance issues. Also used approve the first sample in a long production run. Serves as a model from which other similar or identical signs will be produced.

A process to remove all air and other impurities from the neon tube before it is filled with the desired gases. The process is usually combined with heating the tube to ensure that all impurities are released from its components.

A letter or graphic which is cut out, then pushed through a corresponding space that has been removed from a sign substrate. The push-through is typically different color and/or material than the rest of the sign. Typically used with an opaque sign cabinet and internal lighting. Most pushed-through letters are flush with or project slightly from the front of the sign face.

A freestanding sign that is not a pole or ground sign.

A printing process that uses varying concentrations of black ink instead of different colors such as CMYK (four-color process). The result is heightened midtone and shadow appearance in black and white images.

Wood or metal molding and trim which in profile is the equivalent of a quarter circle.

A method for applying printed paper or vinyl sheets by starting at the bottom of the area to be covered and working upward. As each strip is applied, it overlaps the one below it, preventing rain form getting into the seam and weakening the bond with the substrate.

A readerboard is a sign on which copy can be changed manually. It usually consists of a panel on which individual letters or pictorials are mounted. Like a window sign, it can advertise special prices or items. It can also be placed so that it can be easily seen from a passing motor vehicle. In order to take advantage of this sign’s potential, the copy must be changed fairly often. People passing by a readerboard that is not well-maintained receive a poor image of the business. Companies which manufacture and sell readerboards usually offer a maintenance program. For a set monthly fee, they will see that the copy is changed regularly and that the sign is kept in good condition.

Refers to the ability of a viewer to identify the message.

A sign that has been coated with a highly reflective material. (See also reflective sheeting.)

1. In screen printing, the correct placement of the image to be printed on the substrate. 2. In multicolor printing, registration also refers to the correct alignment of the colors with one another.

The projection of art from a flat surface. The shortened form of bas-relief.

A method of heating a colored resin material and printing it onto vinyl. The resin is sublimed, or momentarily turned into a gas, without passing through a liquid state. The gas seeps into the vinyl and then resolidifies, creating a permanent image.

The projecting rim around the sign face that holds it in place and/or provides a decorating trim piece.

A cantilevered structure, entirely supported from a building, and constructed so that the awning cover and supporting frame retracts completely against the building. This relieves the awning from wind, rain and snow pressure and/loads normally associated with extended fixed frame awnings or canopies.

An indented detail on a sign.

A sign that has the ability to turn 360 degrees because of the presence of an electric motor to drive its movable parts. All or a portion of the sign may revolve at a steady or variable speed.

A sign structure that is erected on or above a roof, or that is installed directly on a roof’s surface. Like a freestanding sign, it is aimed primarily at the distant or motoring public. Studies of the motel industry have shown that, because of the increased visibility which roof signs can offer, they are particularly effective in guiding those unfamiliar with the area to a location.

Elimination of material in a substrate, using a tool bit that has been machined for this purpose. In computerized sign making, using a CAD/CAM machine, a tool is programmed to eliminate material along a tool path created along x-,y- and z-axes.

A moveable sign not secured or attached to the ground or surface upon which it is located, but supported by its own frame and most often forming the cross-sectional shape of an A. (Also known as sidewalk sign.)

The relative purity of a given color due to the absence of both black and white. The less black and white in the color, the greater its saturation is said to be. Saturation is one of the three attributes of color along with brightness and hue.

Cutting or notching a material prior to bending it. Sufficient scoring of some substrates (glass and some thicknesses of PVC boards, for example) will also allow them to be broken cleanly without cutting them all the way through.

A stencil method of applying paint or ink to surfaces such as wood, paper, glass and metal, through fabric stretched over a frame. Can utilize a photographic process to create/control the resist for more precise imaging. The artwork is also cut into rubylith resist on computer-driven plotters or tables. (See also silkscreening.)

A line formed by the joining together of two separate pieces of the same or different materials at their edges, as with flexible-face fabric material or wood, metal, or plastic sheet. (See also butt joint.)

Earthquake or earth tremor loads.

The general maintenance of a sign. It may include cleaning, repainting, replacement of bulbs or lamps and repairs, which may be provided on a regular basis under contract.

In a sign or development code, the distance between the primary face of the sign and the property line or right of way. The distance is measured in a straight line from the base/bottom of the sign. Most municipalities require that signs comply with specified setbacks or that a variance from the regulations be applied for and secured.

Duplication of an image that is slightly offset. Drop shadow is a simple copy and offset; block shadow joins the outlines of the original and duplicate to create a 3D-relief effect; and cast shadow alters the shape and size of the duplicate to imitate shadows cast from varied placement of light, as the sun does on a sun dial.

Drawings prepared by trades to describe the quantity, shape, size, materials and other details of a product’s construction. In signage, it refers to drawings prepared by fabricators describing their intended methods of construction and sequence of assembly to be reviewed by designer and owner for approval prior to construction and fabrication. Shop drawings help assure that the original design concept is accurately carried out in the construction process.

Any device, structure, display or placard which is affixed to, placed on or in proximity to or displayed from within a building to attract the attention of the public for the purposes of advertising, identifying or communicating information about goods and services.

The enclosure of an electric sign, not including the components and mounting structure. (See also box sign and light box.)

A sign code may be part of a government body’s land use planning regulations, or it may be a separate document designed to interact with other land use codes. As part of the police powers granted to local governments, a sign code normally seeks to promote the health, safety and welfare of the public. Sign codes may regulate size, placement, illumination, structure and aesthetics of sign content and design.

A brand of specialized polymer foam cell products designed for three-dimensional signage applications, available in different densities and strengths. This open cell foam machines easily and holds shape well. When primed and painted, it can look like other more permanent materials.

Usually a site plan or floor plan indicating where signs will be placed (called “sign locations”).

Defines the style or use of each unique sign component in a system. Sign types are individually determined in each sign project. Sign type descriptions include the following building identification, directory, directional or guide sign, freestanding, monument, pedestrian directional, pedestrian informational, post and panel, regulatory, vehicular directional, elevator directory and room identifier.

A compilation of the drawings and specifications for each sign type; this is similar to the bid package. This document is helpful in ordering additional signs in the future and in maintaining the signage system as it was designed.

Architectural design of a building or structure that reinforces signage.

The overall shape or profile of a sign, or a block of copy within a sign.

One of the oldest and simplest forms of printing. A print is made using a squeegee to force ink through stencil or emulsion that is supported by fabric that has been stretched over a frame to create a screen. Several synthetic fabrics have replaced silk as the fabric of choice for screen printers. (See also screen printing.)

The substance applied to the substrate before gilding in order to make the gold leaf stick to the work surface, and its application. Today, the most common sizing used by glass gilders is made of gelatin capsules dissolved in boiling water and then strained.

Foundation consisting of two bolts fastened between the foundation plate and the concrete footer.

The most common type of glass manufactured and the type used in most fluorescent tubes and incandescent bulbs. Soda-lime glass is made from a combination of sand, limestone and sodium carbonate, and can either be clear or colored.

A petroleum-based liquid used to modify oil-based paints and inks and to remove them from sign components, frames and brushes.

May include general requirements, products and execution sections for sign specification package. Similar to architectural construction format per CSI (Construction Specifications Institute) standards.

A sign, either freestanding or wall-mounted, where the messages rotate in the wind. A spinner sign is not considered an animated sign.

A strong, lightweight material created from tiny glass threads woven into a fabric and then hardened using a special polyester resin. Fiberglass can be used to create sign faces and cabinets of varying sizes and shapes. (See also fiberglass.)

1. In screen printing, a flexible blade mounted in a wood or metal handle and used to force ink through a stencil mounted on the screen. 2. In sign making, a hard plastic or nylon blade used to apply pressure to increase surface adhesion between cutting vinyl and the transfer tape or between the vinyl and sign face.

As the name implies, this is a special steel alloy that is made more stainless than regular steel, due to higher concentrations of chromium and nickel.

The structural supports found inside a sign cabinet.

A sign with a power cord for attachment to a source of electrical power that is not readily moveable or portable.

A method for taking out brush marks and creating a transparent look on windows. Paint is mixed with linseed oil to slow the drying process, then brushed on the surface to be stippled. A stippler is created by wrapping a piece of cheesecloth or other lint-free cotton rag around a wad of cotton, which is then either held firmly in the hand or securely attached to a short stick, taking care that the work surface of the stippler is wrinkle-free. Stippling is done by daubing the stippler over the wet, painted surface.

Typically sandstone, granite, marble, limestone and other common decorative stone material. Letters can be stud-mounted to stone or they can be carved or incised into the face of the stone.

A long, narrow banner included in interior or window displays only.

1. The process of securing mesh to a frame in screen printing. 2. The stretching of vinyl face material over a flex-face sign cabinet.

The width of the major lines comprising a letterform. A wider stroke width is used to make a bolder letter, a narrower stroke width is used to make a lighter letter. (See also stroke.)

Refers to polystyrene, a usually colorless rigid plastic that can be molded into objects, used in the manufacture of signs.

Insulators that support a neon tube as well as hold it away from the background surface and provide some impact resistance. (See also stand-offs.)

The balance of design elements in which one side equals or mirrors the other.

A sign, or an area within a larger sign or area, that conveys its message through raised or engraved artwork, making it accessible to the visually impaired. Required by A.D.A. for all permanently identified rooms.

The profile of the most desired consumer prospects for a product or service, listed by characteristics such as demography, lifestyle, brand or media consumption, purchase behavior, etc. This is common to all media.

This communication system enables written messages to be transmitted and received over telephone lines and displayed on a screen. The ADA requires use of a special symbol to indicate the availability of a TDD unit.

Pigment mixed in a water medium, usually with a binder and adhesive. Tempera paints produce a luminous effect.

Typically allows a new building to be occupied before it is fully complete and therefore requires life safety signs to be in place, to protect the public at large.

The maximum load a material can withstand before it breaks. (Also called breaking strength.)

A process that takes a flat sheet of material and gives it dimension by heating then forcing it into a mold either mechanically or pneumatically. (See also vacuum forming.)

A routing procedure where the tool bit can be moved independently along the up-and-down z-axis while still traveling an x/y-axis tool path. 3D engraving can create a hand-chiseled look while removing material from a substrate.

Standard graphics file format used for scanned bit-mapped images.

A variable message sign which displays current time and temperature in a stationary or alternating manner. Some also display simple messages.

Consistently applicable non-discriminatory sign regulations that specify, without reference to the content of the message, when, how and where a sign can be displayed, with physical standards, such as but not limited to height, size and location, that allow the sign to be readable.

The effect on a color brought about by blending it with another color.

The coating intended for the front, side or top of a fabric or membrane.

Consistently applicable non-discriminatory sign regulations that specify, without reference to the content of the message, when, how and where a sign can be displayed, with physical standards, such as but not limited to height, size and location, that allow the sign to be readable.

Most retail businesses have a relatively fixed area that customers come from to do business at their store In general, the trade area is either the living or work locale for the customer. The selling zone of place-based retail business will be dynamic for two reasons; the customer is moving residences or jobs or the customer is passing through on a trip that intersects the trade area. The trade area for most small businesses is 3 to 5 miles.

The estimated number of people who will see a sign in a given time period. Traffic count is most commonly associated with number of vehicles passing a location in a day.

Electrical equipment that converts input voltage and current to a different output voltage and current. In general, a transformer is any apparatus that continuously increases or decreases the voltage of a power supply. They are an important element in all neon signs, due to the high voltage required. (Fluorescent lamps require a specialized type of transformer unit called a ballast.)

The property of a material that allows light and images through and may also show a color tint.

In screen printing, to overlap one color on another. Trapping may result in the creation of a third color in the overlap area, or,if opaque inks are used, the edge of the first color may be hidden for purposes of registration. (See also bleed.)

A type of sign consisting of rotating triangular louvers. The louvers turn in unison showing three different messages as the three faces are exposed. Allows for three times the static advertising/communication power at one location.

Tubing for neon signs is produced as a clear glass, or in colors. Different tube colors serve as filters that only allow the desired color to shine through. In many cases the only way to achieve rich primary colors is through colored glass.

Insulators that support a neon tube, as well as hold it away from the background surface and provide some impact resistance.

A set of letters and numerals sharing the same design characteristics. Examples of font sets include Times New Roman and Arial. (Also called font.)

The maximum strength under which an awning material is capable of sustaining a gradual and uniformly applied load.

A sign designed to be mounted underneath a canopy.

Ability to withstand decay due to the damaging effect of the ultraviolet rays of the sun. (See also ultraviolet light.)

A device used by a neon shop to draw a vacuum on the inside of a neon lamp.

A variable sign that consists of a frame within which pre-printed sign planks can be assembled.

A tape produced by 3M®. The tape joins sign parts in lieu of mechanical fasteners or bonded or welded attachments, and is available in many grades and thicknesses.

A variable sign displayed on a television screen.

Letters cut from adhesive-backed material, in dozens of opaque, translucent, metallic and transparent colors and patterns.

The quality of a letter, number, graphic, or symbol, which enables the observer to distinguish it from its surrounds or background.

A hard, brittle glass coating applied to steel by firing at high temperature in an oven. Some limitations to panel size and complexity of shape due to distortion at temperature but is very hard wearing.

In the most literal sense, a sign that is painted on a wall. The term is often expanded to include flat signs that are placed on or attached to the wall of a building. These latter signs are also called fascia-mounted signs and wall mounts. (See also wall mounted sign.)

The use of the term in relation to treated cotton ducks is prohibited by the “Fair Trade Practices Act” unless the product shall be impervious to the passage of any water so long as the fabric may endure. “Water Resistant” is the proper designation for cloths treated to resist water penetration and leakage.

The process of using spatial and environmental cues to navigate through an environment. In its most literal sense, wayfinding is the ability of a person to find his or her way to a destination. It can also be defined from the standpoint of the designer or site owner and operator seeking to improve the function of a particular environment. Wayfinding is not separate from traditional signage design, but is a broader, more inclusive way of assessing all the environmental issues that affect our ability to find our way.

The configuration of threads running perpendicular to one another. A plain weave places weft thread over the warp thread in sequence, then reverses for the next row of threads.

The process of peeling extraneous vinyl or matrix way from a plotter cut, leaving only the sections representing the final image. Pulling the extra material away in one quick stroke is known as “rip weeding.”

Threads that run in the crosswise direction of woven fabric. Weft also is referred to as “fill.”

A strip of material seamed to a pocket opening as a finishing and a fabric strengthening device.

A watertight electrical or light fixture that is sealed to protect against moisture.

The property of a fiber that allows moisture to move rapidly along the fiber surface and pass quickly through the fabric.

A sign that is mounted for display on a window, and intended to be viewed from the outside.

Horizontal space between words.

In a given typeface, the height of the lowercase letters which do not have ascenders or descenders.

A malleable metal that has unique gray appearance, somewhat like lead, and can be used raw in exterior applications.